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System design interview question

Design a sensor data ingestion system (millions of devices)

Medium · System design (HLD) · Company tags: Amazon

The prompt

"Design a system that ingests telemetry from millions of IoT sensors — industrial equipment, vehicles, environmental monitors. Devices are on flaky cellular links, have very little memory and battery, and go offline for hours. Millions of readings arrive per second at peak."

What this round really tests

ingestion at the edge of constrained hardware. Unlike a web backend, the client cannot be assumed cooperative, well-connected, or capable of complex retry logic. The interesting problems are protocol choice, backpressure when devices outnumber capacity, and clock skew on devices with no reliable time source.

Clarifying questions worth asking

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