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System design interview question

Design a UPI / payment gateway flow

Hard · System design (HLD) · Company tags: PhonePe, Paytm, Razorpay

The prompt

"Design a UPI payment flow. A user scans a QR code or enters a payee ID, authorizes with a PIN, and money moves from their bank account to the merchant's — usually in under five seconds. You are the payment app, sitting between the user, the central switch, and multiple banks. 10 billion transactions a month."

What this round really tests

orchestrating a multi-party transaction where you control none of the parties. Unlike Stripe (where you own the merchant relationship and settle later), UPI is a real-time, account-to-account rail with a central switch and two banks that each may time out. The distinguishing content is the two-leg debit/credit flow, ambiguous states, and reversal handling.

Clarifying questions worth asking

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